Uburezi bw’u Rwanda bwa kera bwari bushingiye ku ndangagaciro z’umuco nyarwanda, aho ingimbi n’abangavu bajyaga mu Itorero no mu Rubohero kwigishwa za kirazira, indangagaciro, n'ibindi  byose mu mujyo wo gutegura  abagabo kuzavamo abatabarira igihugu, n'abagore kuzaba abacyambarira impumbya.

Muri icyo gihe, ubwo burezi bwari buhamye, bwibandaga ku burere kurusha ubumenyi bwa siyansi.

Uburezi bwazanywe n’Abazungu

Mu myaka 1900, abamisiyoneri bazanye uburezi bw’ibanze bushingiye ku kwicara ku ntebe, umwarimu akigisha amasomo atandukanye. Muri 1979 hakozwe amavugurura, bahaho kwiga umwaka wa mbere w’amashuri, aho amashuri abanza yigwaga imyaka itandatu. Nanone muri uyu mwaka, habayeho ivugurura, imyaka igera ku munani, aho ibiri ya nyuma yibandaga ku myuga n’ubuhinzi. 

Mu gutoranya abakomeza mu mashuri yisumbuye y’icyitegererezo, hakorwaga ikizamini (concours), ariko naho umuntu akomoka hagahabwa agaciro.

Mu nkubiri y’amashyaka menshi, nyuma y’umwaka w’amashuri 1991/1992, umwaka wa munani wavanyweho n'uwari Minisitiri w'uburezi-Uwiringiyimana Agathe, hasubizwaho umwaka wa gatandatu. Icyo gihe, uwajyaga mu mwaka wa mbere w’amashuri yisumbuye yatangiranaga n’ishami (Section).

Mu 1994, amashuri yaje guhagarara mu gihe cya Jenoside, asubukura mu 1995, amasomo yose yo mu mashuri abanza yigishwa mu rurimi rw’Ikinyarwanda, na ho mu yisumbuye biga mu Gifaransa bifashisha amashusho yamanikwaga ku bitambaro(figurines).

Impinduka z’ingenzi mu myaka 31 ishize

Mu 1995 kugera mu 1996,  ibizamini bisoza amashuri abanza n’ayisumbuye byakorerwaga ku bigo abanyeshuri bigaho, nk’uko byari bisanzwe na mbere ariko mu 1997, batangiye kubikorera ku bigo byatoranyijwe (Centres des examens).

Naho kubona impamyabumenyi, zashingirwaga ku manota y'umwaka wa gatanu n’uwa gatandatu, ndetse hakiyongeraho ayo umunyeshuri yabonye mu kizamini cyategurwaga n’akanama k’abarimu kashyirwagaho n’ikigo. Gusa ibi  na byo byaje guhinduka.

Ubwwwo u Rwanda rwari mu nzibacyuho, kuva nyuma ya Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi kugeza mu 2003, abayoboye Minisiteri y’Uburezi bahanganye no gusubiza abana mu mashuri, kubaka amashuri y’ibanze, kubona abarimu, kuvugurura integanyanyigisho ndetse n’ibindi.

Icyo gihe Leta yifuzaga ko nibura abana benshi bajya mu mashuri abanza. Naho icyiciro cya kabiri cyo kuva mu 2003 kugeza mu 2010 cyahuye n’urundi rugamba rw’imyigishirize ihangana n’ingengabitekerezo ya Jenoside yari itangiye kwiganza mu mashuri, kugeza ubwo kiba ikibazo gihagurutsa Inteko Ishinga Amategeko.

Nyuma yaho hakozwe amavugurura menshi mu burezi ndetse n'umwaka utaha w'amasomo ( 2025/2026) hazatangira andi.

Kuva mu 1994 kugeza mu 2025, iyi Minisiteri  yanyuze mo Abaminisitiri 17, buri umwe agerageza kuzana umusanzu we, ariko impinduka zakozwe zabaye nyinshi ku buryo bamwe bavuga ko ari imwe mu mpamvu zituma ireme ry’uburezi ritagerwaho uko byifuzwa. Ariko na none, izi mpinduka zagiye zikorwa zigamije gukemura ibibazo biri mu burezi. Na n'ubu kubikemura biracyari ihurizo rikomeye.

Dore uko ba minisitiri b'uburezi bagiye basimburana n'impinduka bakoze:

1. Pierre Célestin Rwigema (1994-1995)

Ni we wafunguye amashuri ku mugaragaro nyuma ya Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi. Uyu mwanya yaaumazeho igihe gito kuko yahise ajya kub Minisitiri w'Intebe.  Mu gihe cye, yagerageje gusubiza mu mashuri abana, cyane ko igihugu cyari mu ruhuri rw'ibibazo.

2. Dr. Joseph Nsengimana (1995)

Yayoboye igihe gito ashinzwe amashuri makuru. Nubwo atamaze igihe kinini, yagize uruhare mu gukomeza uburezi bw’icyiciro cya kaminuza no kugenzura ko bwongera gusubira ku murongo nyuma ya Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi. Yagize uruhare mu gusana no guha umurongo Kaminuza Nkuru y’u Rwanda.

3. Ngirabanzi Laurien (1995)

Ngirabanzi yasimbuye Dr. Nsengimana Joseph,  nawe ayobora igihe gito kuko bidatinze yasimbuwe na Col Joseph Karemera. 

4. Col. Dr. Joseph Karemera (1995–1999)

Nubwo nawe atatinze ku buyobozi bw'iyi Minisiteri, yamenyekanye cyane mu guhangana n’ibibazo by’ireme ry’uburezi. 

Yaciye impamyabumenyi za bamwe mu banyeshuri bari bararangije amashuri yisumbuye, yavuze ko zitari zujuje ibisabwa n'ireme ry'uburezi igihugu cyifuzaga kugeraho.

Icyo gihe abayobozi b’ibigo batungwaga agatoki, bashinjwa guha amanota mu buryo budakurikije amabwiriza ya Minisiteri y’Uburezi, cyane ko mu kubona diplôme byari mu byashingirwaho. Hafatwaga amanota umunyeshuri yagize mu mwaka wa gatandatu n'uwa gatanu, hakiyongeraho ay' ikizamini cya Leta cyategurwaga kigakorerwa ku bigo  abanyeshuri bigagaho.

Dr. Karemera yavuze ko hari abahawe diplôme nta bumenyi buhagije bafite, hari abakopeye, ndetse n’abongerewe amanota. Abo diplôme zabo zaraciwe ndetse bifatwa nka sakirirego, ndetse Minisitiri akazina k'akabyiniriro ka Col. Nyamuca!

5. Emmanuel Mudidi (1999–2002)

Yazanye politiki yiswe "promotion automatique" aho umwana yimurwaga hatitawe ku manota. Ibi yabishingiye ku bitekerezo by’uko hatsindwa umwarimu, nta umunyeshuri w'umuswa ubaho.

Gusa, iyi politiki yateje impaka ndende n’ingaruka ku ireme ry’uburezi, kuko ibisigisigi byo kwimura umwana udashoboye, byakomeje gukurikirana ireme ry’uburezi, kugeza ubwo bivugwa kenshi ko umunyeshuri arangiza amashuri abanza atazi kwandika izina rye cyangwa atazi gusoma no kwandika, kurangiza Kaminuza batazi kwandika ibaruwa isaba akazi n'ibindi.

Na n'ubu bamwe baracyahura n'izo ngaruka.

Muri iki gihe nibwo hatangiye amashuri azwi Nine Years Basic Education ndetse na gahunda yo kurira ku ishuri n'ubwo yahuraga n'imbogamizi nyinshi zatumaga ku bigo bimwe ihagarara.

6. Prof. Romain Murenzi (2002–2006)

Yashyize imbere gahunda yo guteza imbere siyansi n’ikoranabuhanga mu mashuri. Yashyizeho ibikorwa byo gushyira ibikoresho bya mudasobwa mu mashuri no guteza imbere imyigishirize ya siyansi. Yatangije uburyo bwo guhugura abarimu b’indimi n’imibare, ndetse n’ubushakashatsi muri gahunda y’uburezi.

Mu gohe cye kandi, igihe amashuri yatangiriraga cyarahinduwe, gutangira biva muri Nzeri (09) bishyirwa muri Mutarama (01), kaminuza n’amashuri makuru bitangira muri Nzeri (09).

Prof. Romain Murenzi Prof. Murenzi ni we wayoboye Minisiteri y’Uburezi igihe kirekire (imyaka irenga itatu), kuko yahawe izo nshingano muri 2002, asimbuye Mudidi Emmanuel, azisimburwaho muri 2006.

7. Dr. Mujawamariya Jeanne d’Arc (2006–2008):

Yibanze ku burere n’imyitwarire y’abanyeshuri, aho mu gihe cye ariho hagaragaye ukutajenjekera imyitwarire idahwitse y’abanyeshuri. Ndetse ari mu Baminisitiri bari bafite intumbero zo gukaza ireme ry’uburezi.

Mudi 2008, hakozwe amavugurura mu mashami yigwaga mu mashuri yisumbuye ku bari mu mwaka wa gatanu, havaho icyitwaga section,  gihindurwa combinaison, amasomo yakorwaga mu kizamini cya Leta arahinduka ndetse hashyirwaho n'andi mashya.

Icyo gihe kandi, nibwo Icyongereza cyahawe intebe, amasomo yigwaga mu gifaransa yatangiye gutangwa mu cyongereza mu mashuri yisumbuye.

Dr Mujawamariya yavuye muri Minisiteri y’Uburezi muri 2008, ahabwa izindi nshingano zo kuyobora Minisiteri y’Uburinganire n’Iterambere ry’umuryango.

8. Dr. Daphrose Gahakwa (2008–2009)

Dr. Gahakwa ari mu bayobozi batatinze muri Minisiteri y’Uburezi, kuko yabaye Minisitiri w'uburezi  muri 2008, asimbuye Dr. Mujawamaliya Jeanne D’Arc, azikurwaho muri 2009.

Mugihe gito yahamaze, yakomeje gahunda zari zarangijwe n'abamubanjirije zo guteza imbere ireme ry’uburezi.

9. Dr. Charles Muligande (2009–2011)

Yibanze cyane ku gushyira imbere ubushakashatsi n’ireme ry’imyigishirize. Yashishikarije ubufatanye hagati y’amashuri, ababyeyi n’abarezi.

10. Dr. Pierre Damien Habumuremyi (2011)

Dr. Habumuremyi  yamaze igihe gito ayobora Minisiteri y’Uburezi, kuko yamaze amezi atatu gusa muri izo nshingano yahawe muri Gicurasi (05) 2011, asimbuye Dr. Charles Muligande, azivaho  ku itariki 07 Ukwakira (10) 2011, yagizwe Minisitiri w’Intebe asimbuye Bernard Makuza. 

11. Dr. Vincent Biruta (2011–2014)

Azibukirwa kuri politike nsha yazanye irimo impinduka zikomeye zo guhuriza hamwe amashuri makuru ya Leta na Kaminuza nkuru y’u Rwanda  bigahinduka Kaminuza y’u Rwanda (UR) ifite amashami hirya no hino mu gihugu.

Yanakuyeho uburyo bwo kwiga mu mwaka wa kane udakoze ikizamini cya Leta gisoza icyiciro rusange ( Tronc Commun) kibemerera kuhiga.

Icyo gihe ni nabwo abanyeshuri 6 186 bari barasimbutse icyiciro rusange badakoze iki kizamini  basubijwe inyuma kujya kugikora, kandi abwnahi bari bageze no muri kaminuza.

Dr. Biruta ni umwe mu bayoboye Minisiteri y’Uburezi igihe gisa n’aho cyenda kuba kirekire, aho yahawe izo nshingano muri 2011, akazikurwaho muri 2014.

12. Prof. Silas Lwakabamba (2014–2015)

Mu mezi 11 yamaze muri izi nshingano, Prof. Lwakabamba yashyize imbaraga mu ishyirwa mu bikorwa rya politiki z'uburezi zashyizweho n'abamubanjirije.

13. Dr. Papias Musafiri Malimba (2015–2017)

Ku itariki 24 Kamena ( 06) 2015, nibwo Dr Papias Musafiri Malimba, yagizwe Minisitiri w’Uburezi asimbuye Prof. Silas Lwakabamba.

Mugihe cye, nta mpinduka zidasanzwe zabayeho kuko nawe yashyize mu bikorwa politiki z'uburezi yasanzeho, kugeza ubwo asimbuwe kuri uwo mwanya ku itariki 7 Ukuboza (12) 2017.

14. Dr. Eugène Mutimura (2017–2020)

Dr. Mutimura yamamaye kubera igitsure yashyiraga ku bo ayobora, kuko yagiye agaragara akubita abaimu n'abayobozi b'ibigo by'amashuri kandi akabikorera imbere y’abanyashuri.

Yateje imbere amasomo y'imyuga n’ikoranabuhanga, ashyiraho uburyo bwo kwiga hifashishijwe ikoranabuhanga.

15. Dr. Uwamaliya Valentine (2020–2023)

Yazanye impinduka zashimishije abo yaraahinzwe kureberera barimo abarimu n’abanyeshuri. Mu gihe cye,  nibwo umushahara w’abarimu wakubwe kabiri.

Yaahyize igitsure ku bayobozi barimo n'ubwa kaminuza n’amashuri makuru kugeza ubwo afunze izitujuje ibisabwa,  zirimo nka Christian University, UNIK, KIM, INATEK, n'izindi.

Yashyizeho kandi gahunda yo gutangira amasomo saa tatu mu rwego rwo korohereza abana bazindukaga cyane. Yagaragaye nk’umuyobozi waharaniraga uburenganzira n’imibereho myiza y’abarezi.

16. Twagirayezu Gaspard (2023–2024):

Nubwo yayoboye igihe gito, yakomeje gahunda zitandukanye zari zatangijwe na Dr Uwamaliya yarasimbuye, cyane ko mugihe cye yari Umunyamabanga wa Leta ushinzwe amashuri abanza n’ayisumbuye.

Yakomeje politiki yo guteza imbere amaaomo y'ubumenyingiro, tekiniki n'imyuga, ndetse avugurura gahunda yo kurira ku ishuri.

Mu gihe cye kandi, nibwo amashuri yongeye gutangira mu kwezi kwa cyenda ( Nzeri).

17. Dr. Nsengimana Joseph (2024– kugeza ubu)

Nta gihe kinini amaze muri izi nshingano kuko awumazeho amezi 10. Muri iki gihe yazanye impinduka zikomeye zizatangirana n'umwaka w'amasomo 2025/2026.

Izo mpinduka zirimo kuba amasomo agomba gutangira saa mbiri aho kuba saa tatu, ndetse anahindura imiterere y’amashami yigishwaga mu cyiciro cya kabiri cy’amashuri yisumbuye. Amashami yenda gusa yahurijwe mu mbumbe eshatu z’ingenzi harimo iy’Imibare na Siyansi irimo ibyiciro bibiri, Iy’Ubumenyamuntu ndetse n’iy’Indimi.

Nubwo imyaka 31 ishize yabereye ingorabahizi abayoboye MINEDUC, ni yo myaka umubare w’Abanyarwanda bageze mu ishuri wiyongereye.

Mu mwaka wa 2000, Abanyarwanda 2 kuri 5 mu bari bafite imyaka hejuru ya 15 ntibari bazi gusoma no kwandika, benshi muri bo bakaba bari abagore. Abatazi gusoma no kwandika bari benshi mu mijyi (46.9%) kurusha mu byaro (43.2%). Muri bake bari barize, abagabo bari 78.8% naho abagore bari 70.1%, ariko abari barize Kaminuza bari 0.1% gusa. Umunyeshuri yagendaga ibilometero 2.5 buri munsi ajya ku ishuri, biri mu byatumye benshi barivamo.

Mu 2019, 89% by’Abanyarwanda bari barize. Muri uwo mwaka, abari mu mashuri abanza bari 2,512,465 naho mu mashuri yisumbuye bari 732,104. Ku rubyiruko ruri hagati y’imyaka 15–24, 15.2% ni bo bari bazi gukoresha mudasobwa, mu gihe kera nta mudasobwa zari zihari. Ingo zitunze mudasobwa zari 3%, izifite telephone zikaba 70.6%. Internet yari igeze mu gihugu ku kigero cya 95%, naho abayikoresha bagera kuri 51.6%.

@kt